Title

Aamaas, B., Boggild, C. E., Stordal, F., Berntsen, T., Holmen, K. and Strom, J. (2011): Elemental Carbon deposition to Svalbard snow from Norwegian settlements and long-range transport. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 63: 340-351.

Barrie, L. A. (1986): Arctic air pollution: an overview of current knowledge. Atmospheric Environment, 20: 643-663.

Bednář, J., Zikmunda, O. (1985): Fyzika mezní vrstvy atmosféry (Physics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer). Academia, Prague. 245 p. (In Czech).

Beine, H. J., Engardt, M., Jaffe, D. A., Hov, Ø., Holme´n, K. and Stordal, F. (1996): Measurements of NOx and aerosol particles at the Ny-Ålesund Zeppelin mountain station on Svalbard: influence of regional and local pollution sources. Atmospheric Environment, 30: 1067-1079, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00410-6.

Bindler, R., Renberg, I., Appleby, P. G., Anderson, N. J. and Rose, N. L. (2001): Mercury accumulation rates and spatial patterns in lake sediments from west Greenland: a coast to ice margin transect, Environmental Science and Technology, 35 (9): 1736-1741.

Broman, D., Näf, C., Wik, M. and Renberg, I. (1990): The importance of spheroidal carbo-naceous particles for the distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an estuarine-like urban coastal water area, Chemosphere, 21(1-2), 263-286.

Bubník, J., Keder, J., Macoun, J. and Maňák, J. (1998): Symos’ 97: Systém modelování sta-cionárních zdrojů, metodická příručka pro výpočet znečištění ovzduší z bodových, plošných a liniových zdrojů. Praha: Český hydrometeorologický ústav. (Modelling of Stationary Sources, Methodological Hand-book). CHMI, Prague. 67 p. (In Czech).

Burkow, I.C., Kallenborn, R. (2000): Sources and transport of persistent pollutants to the Arctic. Toxicology Letters, 112-113: 87-92.

Doubleday, N. C., Douglas, M. S. V. and Smol, J. P. (1995): Paleoenvironmental studies of black carbon deposition in the High Arctic: a case study from Northern Ellesmere Island, Science of the Total Environment, 160-161: 661-668.

Elmquist, M., Cornelissen, G., Kukulska, Z. and Gustafsson, Ö. (2006): Distinct oxidative stabilities of char versus soot black carbon: Implications for quantification and environmental recalcitrance. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, 20, GB2009, doi:10.1029/2005GB002629.

Ghosh, U., Gillette, J. S., Luthy, R. G. and Zare, R. N. (2000): Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 1729-1736.

Goldberg, E. D. (1985): Black Carbon in the Environment. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 198 p.

Grodzinska, K., Godzik, B. (1991): Heavy metals and sulphur in mosses from southern Spitsbergen. Polar Research, 9: 133-140.

Hanna, S. R. (1985): Air quality modeling over short distances. In: D. D. Houghton (ed.): Handbook of Applied Meteorology. A. Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York, pp. 713-743.

Hedges, J. I., Eglinton, G., Hatcher, P. G., Kirchman, D. L., Arnosti, C., Derenne, S., Evershed, R. P.,Kögel-Knabner, I., De Leeuw, J. W., Littke, R., Michaelis, W. and Rullkötter, J. (2000): The molecularlyuncharacterized component of non-living organic matter in natural environments, Organic Geochemistry, 31: 945-958.

Heintzenberg, J. (1989): Arctic Haze: air pollution in Polar Regions. Ambio, 18: 50-55.

Hicks, S., Isaksson, E. (2006): Assessing source areas of pollutants from studies of fly ash, charcoal, and Pollen from Svalbard snow and ice. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 111, D02113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006167.

Hop, H., Falk-Pedersen, S., Svendsen, H., Kwasniewski, S., Pavlov, V., Pavlova, O. and Söreide, J. E. (2006): The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Progress in Oceanography, 71: 182-231.

Jartun, M., Ottesen, R. T., Volden, T. and Lundkvist, Q. (2009): Local Sources of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) In Russian And Norwegian settlements on Spitsbergen Island, Norway. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A, 72: 284-294.

Jaworowski, Z. (1989): Pollution of the Norwegian Arctic: a review. Norsk Polarinstitutt. Rapport 55, Oslo.

Maenhaut, W., Cornille, P., Pacyna, J.M. and Vitols, V. (1989): Trace element composition and origin of the atmospheric aerosol in the Norwegian Arctic. Atmosphere Environment, 23: 2551-2569.

Martins, C. C., Bícego, M. C., Rose, N. L., Taniguchi, S., Lourenco, A. R., Figueira, R.C.L., Mahiques, M.M. and Montone, R. C. (2010): Historical record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) in marine sediment cores from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution, 158(1): 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.025.

Masiello, C. A., Druffel, E. R. M. (1998): Black carbon in deep-sea sediments. Science, 280: 1911-1913.

Mitchell, M. (1956): Visual range in the polar regions with particular reference to the Alaskan Arctic. Journal of atmospheric terrestrial physics, Special Supplement, 195-211.

Novakov, T. (1984): The role of soot and primary oxidants in atmospheric chemistry. Science of the Total Environment, 36: 1-10.

Pacyna, J. M., Ottar, B. (1985): Transport and chemical composition of the summer aerosol in the Norwegian Arctic. Atmospheric Environment, 19: 2109-2120.

Piquet, A. M.-T., Scheepens, J. F., Bolhuis, H., Wiencke, C. and Buma, A. G. J. (2010): Variability of Protistan and Bacterial Communities in two Arctic fjords (Spitsbergen). Polar Biology, 33: 1521-1536.

Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Lopez-Soler, A., Mantilla, E. and Plana, F. (1996): Mineral composition of atmospheric particulates around a large coal-fired power station. Atmospheric Environment, 30: 3557-3572.

Rahn, K. A., Shaw, G. E. (1982): Sources and transport of Arctic pollution aerosols: a chronicle of six years of ONR research. Naval Research, S2–S26.

Rose, N. L., Harlock, S. and Appleby, P. G. (1999): The Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Spheroidal Carbonaceous Fly-Ash Particles (SCP) in the Sediment Records of European Mountain Lakes, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 113: 1-32.

Rose, N. L., Juggins, S. (1994): A spatial relationship between carbonaceous particles in lake sediments and sulphur deposition, Atmospheric Environment, 28(2): 177-183.

Rose, N. L. (1995): Carbonaceous particle record in lake-sediments from the Arctic and other remote areas of the Northern-Hemisphere. Science of the Total Environment, 160-161: 487-496.

Rose, N. L., Harlock, S. and Appleby, P. G. (1999): The spatial and temporal distributions of Spheroidal Carbonaceous Fly-Ash Particles (SCP) in the sediment records of European mountain lakes. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 113: 1-32.

Rose, N. L., Rose, C. L., Boyle, J. F. and Appleby, P. G. (2004): Lake-sediment evidence for local and remote sources of atmospherically deposited pollutants on Svalbard. Journal of Paleolimnology, 31(4): 499-513.

Rose, N. L. (2008): Quality control in the analysis of lake sediments for spheroidal carbonaceous particles. Limnology and Oceanography, 6: 172-179.

Rose, N. L., Jones, V. J., Noon, P. E., Hodgson, D. A., Flower, R. J. and Appleby, P.G. (2012): Long-range transport of pollutants to the Falkland Islands and Antarctica: evidence from lake sediment Fly Ash particle records. Environmental Science and Technology, 46: 9881-9889.

Ruppel, M., Lund, M. T., Grythe, H., Rose, N. L., Weckström, J. and Korhola, A. (2013): Comparison of spheroidal carbonaceous particle data with modelled atmospheric black carbon concentration and deposition and air mass sources in Northern Europe. Advances in Meterology, 1850-2010.

Svendsen, H., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Hagen, J. O., Lefauconnier, B., Tverberg, V., Gerland, S., Ørbøk, J. B., Bischof, K., Papucci, C., Zajaczkowski, M., Azzolini, R., Bruland, O., Wiencke, C., Winther, J.-G. and Dallmann, W. (2002): The physical environment of Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden, an Arctic fjord system in Svalbard. Polar Research, 21: 133-166.

Vukic, J., Fott, J., Petrusek, A. and Sanda, R. (2006): What can size distribution of spheroidal carbonaceous particles reveal about their source? Atmosperic Environment, 40: 3527-3535.

Wey, M. Y., Chao, C. Y. and Yu, L. J. (1998): The relationship between the quantity of heavy metal and PAHs in fly-ash. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 48: 750-756.

Wik, M., Renberg, I. (1991): Recent atmospheric deposition in Sweden of carbonaceous particles from fossil-fuel combustion surveyed using lake sediments, Ambio, 20(7): 289-292.

Yamartino, R. J. (1985): Atmospheric pollutant deposition modelling. In: D. D. Houghton (ed.): Handbook of Applied Meteorology. Wiley-Inter science Publication, New York, pp. 754–766.

Web sources / Other sources

[1] IPCC AR5 Report (https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/).

Title:	The study of atmospherically deposited Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles (SCP) from the Kongsfjorden, Svalbard
Authors Name:	Neelu Singh, Vartika Singh, ChikkamadaiahKrishnaiah
Journal:	Czech Polar Reports
Issue:	7
Volume:	2
Page Range:	206-215
No. of Pages:	10
Year:	2017
DOI:	10.5817/CPR2017-2-20
Publishers:	muniPress Masaryk University Brno
ISSN:	1805-0689 (Print), 1805-0697 (On-line)
Language:	English
Subject:
Abstract:	The surface sediment samples of Kongsfjorden were analyzed for the Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles (SCP) in an attempt to document the SCP in the environment other than previously studied inland lakes and snow and also to understand the probable source of industrial atmospheric pollution. The SCP are derived from the combustion of fossil fuels at high temperatures and are not produced naturally. They are chemically inert in both sediment and water and thus provide the indestructible record of atmospherically deposited pollutants in remote areas and anthropogenic impact on pristine environments. The SCP were recovered from different locations of the fjord and were classified according to their size range (small particles, 5-10 µm – large particles, 20-50 µm). The characterization of the spherical carbonaceous particles (shape, size, morphology, color etc.) was done under the light microscope. The detailed morphological features and chemical composition of SCP were studied using Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). The result shows that in term of a source of pollution in the area, long-range transportation is the major source of pollution but local sources cannot be ignored. This is a first attempt to study the SCP from the Kongsfjorden.
Keywords:	pollution, sediment, long-range transport, Arctic, SEM-EDX
References:	Aamaas, B., Boggild, C. E., Stordal, F., Berntsen, T., Holmen, K. and Strom, J. (2011): Elemental Carbon deposition to Svalbard snow from Norwegian settlements and long-range transport. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 63: 340-351. Barrie, L. A. (1986): Arctic air pollution: an overview of current knowledge. Atmospheric Environment, 20: 643-663. Bednář, J., Zikmunda, O. (1985): Fyzika mezní vrstvy atmosféry (Physics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer). Academia, Prague. 245 p. (In Czech). Beine, H. J., Engardt, M., Jaffe, D. A., Hov, Ø., Holme´n, K. and Stordal, F. (1996): Measurements of NOx and aerosol particles at the Ny-Ålesund Zeppelin mountain station on Svalbard: influence of regional and local pollution sources. Atmospheric Environment, 30: 1067-1079, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00410-6. Bindler, R., Renberg, I., Appleby, P. G., Anderson, N. J. and Rose, N. L. (2001): Mercury accumulation rates and spatial patterns in lake sediments from west Greenland: a coast to ice margin transect, Environmental Science and Technology, 35 (9): 1736-1741. Broman, D., Näf, C., Wik, M. and Renberg, I. (1990): The importance of spheroidal carbo-naceous particles for the distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an estuarine-like urban coastal water area, Chemosphere, 21(1-2), 263-286. Bubník, J., Keder, J., Macoun, J. and Maňák, J. (1998): Symos’ 97: Systém modelování sta-cionárních zdrojů, metodická příručka pro výpočet znečištění ovzduší z bodových, plošných a liniových zdrojů. Praha: Český hydrometeorologický ústav. (Modelling of Stationary Sources, Methodological Hand-book). CHMI, Prague. 67 p. (In Czech). Burkow, I.C., Kallenborn, R. (2000): Sources and transport of persistent pollutants to the Arctic. Toxicology Letters, 112-113: 87-92. Doubleday, N. C., Douglas, M. S. V. and Smol, J. P. (1995): Paleoenvironmental studies of black carbon deposition in the High Arctic: a case study from Northern Ellesmere Island, Science of the Total Environment, 160-161: 661-668. Elmquist, M., Cornelissen, G., Kukulska, Z. and Gustafsson, Ö. (2006): Distinct oxidative stabilities of char versus soot black carbon: Implications for quantification and environmental recalcitrance. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, 20, GB2009, doi:10.1029/2005GB002629. Ghosh, U., Gillette, J. S., Luthy, R. G. and Zare, R. N. (2000): Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 1729-1736. Goldberg, E. D. (1985): Black Carbon in the Environment. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 198 p. Grodzinska, K., Godzik, B. (1991): Heavy metals and sulphur in mosses from southern Spitsbergen. Polar Research, 9: 133-140. Hanna, S. R. (1985): Air quality modeling over short distances. In: D. D. Houghton (ed.): Handbook of Applied Meteorology. A. Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York, pp. 713-743. Hedges, J. I., Eglinton, G., Hatcher, P. G., Kirchman, D. L., Arnosti, C., Derenne, S., Evershed, R. P.,Kögel-Knabner, I., De Leeuw, J. W., Littke, R., Michaelis, W. and Rullkötter, J. (2000): The molecularlyuncharacterized component of non-living organic matter in natural environments, Organic Geochemistry, 31: 945-958. Heintzenberg, J. (1989): Arctic Haze: air pollution in Polar Regions. Ambio, 18: 50-55. Hicks, S., Isaksson, E. (2006): Assessing source areas of pollutants from studies of fly ash, charcoal, and Pollen from Svalbard snow and ice. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 111, D02113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006167. Hop, H., Falk-Pedersen, S., Svendsen, H., Kwasniewski, S., Pavlov, V., Pavlova, O. and Söreide, J. E. (2006): The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Progress in Oceanography, 71: 182-231. Jartun, M., Ottesen, R. T., Volden, T. and Lundkvist, Q. (2009): Local Sources of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) In Russian And Norwegian settlements on Spitsbergen Island, Norway. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A, 72: 284-294. Jaworowski, Z. (1989): Pollution of the Norwegian Arctic: a review. Norsk Polarinstitutt. Rapport 55, Oslo. Maenhaut, W., Cornille, P., Pacyna, J.M. and Vitols, V. (1989): Trace element composition and origin of the atmospheric aerosol in the Norwegian Arctic. Atmosphere Environment, 23: 2551-2569. Martins, C. C., Bícego, M. C., Rose, N. L., Taniguchi, S., Lourenco, A. R., Figueira, R.C.L., Mahiques, M.M. and Montone, R. C. (2010): Historical record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) in marine sediment cores from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution, 158(1): 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.025. Masiello, C. A., Druffel, E. R. M. (1998): Black carbon in deep-sea sediments. Science, 280: 1911-1913. Mitchell, M. (1956): Visual range in the polar regions with particular reference to the Alaskan Arctic. Journal of atmospheric terrestrial physics, Special Supplement, 195-211. Novakov, T. (1984): The role of soot and primary oxidants in atmospheric chemistry. Science of the Total Environment, 36: 1-10. Pacyna, J. M., Ottar, B. (1985): Transport and chemical composition of the summer aerosol in the Norwegian Arctic. Atmospheric Environment, 19: 2109-2120. Piquet, A. M.-T., Scheepens, J. F., Bolhuis, H., Wiencke, C. and Buma, A. G. J. (2010): Variability of Protistan and Bacterial Communities in two Arctic fjords (Spitsbergen). Polar Biology, 33: 1521-1536. Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Lopez-Soler, A., Mantilla, E. and Plana, F. (1996): Mineral composition of atmospheric particulates around a large coal-fired power station. Atmospheric Environment, 30: 3557-3572. Rahn, K. A., Shaw, G. E. (1982): Sources and transport of Arctic pollution aerosols: a chronicle of six years of ONR research. Naval Research, S2–S26. Rose, N. L., Harlock, S. and Appleby, P. G. (1999): The Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Spheroidal Carbonaceous Fly-Ash Particles (SCP) in the Sediment Records of European Mountain Lakes, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 113: 1-32. Rose, N. L., Juggins, S. (1994): A spatial relationship between carbonaceous particles in lake sediments and sulphur deposition, Atmospheric Environment, 28(2): 177-183. Rose, N. L. (1995): Carbonaceous particle record in lake-sediments from the Arctic and other remote areas of the Northern-Hemisphere. Science of the Total Environment, 160-161: 487-496. Rose, N. L., Harlock, S. and Appleby, P. G. (1999): The spatial and temporal distributions of Spheroidal Carbonaceous Fly-Ash Particles (SCP) in the sediment records of European mountain lakes. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 113: 1-32. Rose, N. L., Rose, C. L., Boyle, J. F. and Appleby, P. G. (2004): Lake-sediment evidence for local and remote sources of atmospherically deposited pollutants on Svalbard. Journal of Paleolimnology, 31(4): 499-513. Rose, N. L. (2008): Quality control in the analysis of lake sediments for spheroidal carbonaceous particles. Limnology and Oceanography, 6: 172-179. Rose, N. L., Jones, V. J., Noon, P. E., Hodgson, D. A., Flower, R. J. and Appleby, P.G. (2012): Long-range transport of pollutants to the Falkland Islands and Antarctica: evidence from lake sediment Fly Ash particle records. Environmental Science and Technology, 46: 9881-9889. Ruppel, M., Lund, M. T., Grythe, H., Rose, N. L., Weckström, J. and Korhola, A. (2013): Comparison of spheroidal carbonaceous particle data with modelled atmospheric black carbon concentration and deposition and air mass sources in Northern Europe. Advances in Meterology, 1850-2010. Svendsen, H., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Hagen, J. O., Lefauconnier, B., Tverberg, V., Gerland, S., Ørbøk, J. B., Bischof, K., Papucci, C., Zajaczkowski, M., Azzolini, R., Bruland, O., Wiencke, C., Winther, J.-G. and Dallmann, W. (2002): The physical environment of Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden, an Arctic fjord system in Svalbard. Polar Research, 21: 133-166. Vukic, J., Fott, J., Petrusek, A. and Sanda, R. (2006): What can size distribution of spheroidal carbonaceous particles reveal about their source? Atmosperic Environment, 40: 3527-3535. Wey, M. Y., Chao, C. Y. and Yu, L. J. (1998): The relationship between the quantity of heavy metal and PAHs in fly-ash. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 48: 750-756. Wik, M., Renberg, I. (1991): Recent atmospheric deposition in Sweden of carbonaceous particles from fossil-fuel combustion surveyed using lake sediments, Ambio, 20(7): 289-292. Yamartino, R. J. (1985): Atmospheric pollutant deposition modelling. In: D. D. Houghton (ed.): Handbook of Applied Meteorology. Wiley-Inter science Publication, New York, pp. 754–766. Web sources / Other sources [1] IPCC AR5 Report (https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/).
Notes:	ASSW