Title

Araki, N. H. T., Khatab, I. A., Kariyawasam, K. G. U., Inomata, H. N., Wang, X. and Szmidt, A. E. (2008): Phylogeography of Larix Sukaczewii Dyl. and Larix Sibirica L. Inferred from Nucleotide Variation of Nuclear Genes. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 4: 611-623.

Bashalkhanov, S. I., Konstantinov, Y. M, Verbitskii, D. S. and Kobzev, V. F. (2003): Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships of larch Larix sukaczewii Dyl. based on chloroplast DNA trnK intron sequences. Russian Journal of Genetics, 39: 1322-1327.

Bessonova, V. N. (1992): The condition of pollen, as an indicator of environmental contamination by heavy metals. Russian Journal of Ecology, 4: 45-50. (In Russian).

Demina, L. А. (2011): Gas cleaning systems at incineration plants. Energy: Economics, Technics, Ecology, 1: 37-45. (In Russian).

Dylis N. V. (1947): Siberian larch. Materials to systematics, geography and history. Moscow, 137 p. (In Russian).

Dylis, N. V. (1981): Larch. Forest industry, Moscow, 96 p. (In Russian).

Dzyuba, O. F. (2006): Palynoindication of the Environment Quality. St-Petersburg, 197 p. (In Russian).

Dzyuba, O. F., Kondakova, O. V., Tokarev, P. I. and Leunova, V. M. (2008): The natural polymorphism of the pollen grains of representatives of the genus Larix Mill and the indication of the quality of the environment. In: Palynology: stratigraphy and geoecology, VNIGRI, Sankt – Petersburg, pp. 237-246. (In Russian).

Elkina, N. A., Markovskaya E. F. (2007): Experience in Palynological Research of the Air Environment of Cities in the Taiga Zone. Proceedings of Karelian Scientific Center RAN, 11: 3-9. (In Russian).

Erokhina, I. S., Elkina, N. A. and Markovskaya, E. F. (2011): Palynoindication of the natural environment of Kostomuksha. Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. Seria Natural and Engineering sciences, 6 (119): 20-23. (In Russian).

Goncharova, O. A., Poloskova, E. Yu. (2014): Features of seasonal development of introduced plants of the genus Larix Mill in the Murmansk region. Bulletin of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4: 96-101. (In Russian).

Gontar, О. G., Svyatkovskaya, E. A., Trostenyuk, N. N., Korobnikova, N. M., Shlapak, E. P. and Nosatenko, O. Y. (2013): Monitoring of the state of tree plantations in some landscaping objects in the central part of Murmansk city. Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 15 (3): 621-625. (In Russian).

Grundstrom, M., Dahl, A., Chen, D. and Pleijel, H. (2017): The relationship between birch pollen, air pollution and weather types and their effect on antihistamine purchase in two Swedish cities. Aerobiologia, 33: 457-471.

Hewitt, G. M. (1996): Some Genetic Consequences of Ice Ages and their Role in Divergence and Speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 58: 247-276.

Iroshnikov, A. I. (2004): Larches of Russia. Biodiversity and Selection. Part 1. State and Perspectives. VNIILM, Moscow, 182 p. (In Russian).

Kalasnik, N. A., Yasovieva, S. M. and Presnukhina, L. P. (2008): Anomalies of pollen of coniferous tree species at industrial pollution in the Southern Urals. Forest Science, 2: 33-40. (In Russian).

Kalasnik, N. A. (2011): Anomalies of Larch Sukacheva pollen in different enviromental conditions. Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 (1): 835-838. (In Russian).

Karaseva, M. A. (2003): Siberian Larch in the Middle of Volga Region. Mar GTU, Yoshkar-Ola, 376 p. (In Russian).

Kozlova, E. V., Zlotnikova, O. V. (2014): Quality of pollen as indicative sign of the herbicide effects in cultural plants. Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian Academy, 11: 132-136. (In Russian).

Kozubov, G. M. (1974): Biology of Fruiting of Conifers in the North. Nauka, Leningrad, 138 p. (In Russian).

Milyutin, L. I. (2003): Biodiversity of Larch of Russia. Coniferous of Boreal zone, 1: 6-9. (In Russian).

Morozova, D. A., Vasilevskaya, N. V. (2017): Palynomorphs of Syringa josikae Jacq., Introduced in the Arctic climate. Bulletin of Tver State University. Series Biology and Ecology, 1: 175-183. (In Russian).

Noskova, N. E., Romanova, L. I. and Tretyakova, I. N. (2004): Features of generative processes in Siberian species of conifers due to climatic changes. Bulletin of Tver State University. Ser. Biology and Ecology, 10: 78-81. (In Russian).

Noskova, N. E., Romanova, L. I. (2013): Structural and functional properties of male generative organs in Siberian larch and Scots pine under conditions of climate change in Siberia. Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 7: 175-180. (In Russian).

Owens, J., Takaso, T. and Runions, C. (1998): Pollination in conifers. Trends in Plant Science, 3: 479-485.

Romanova, L. I., Tretyakova, I. N. (2005): Features of microsporogenesis in Siberian larch growing under conditions of technogenic load. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 2: 128-133. (In Russian).

Savolainen, O., Pyhajarvi, T. and Knurr, T. (2007): Gene flow and local adaptation in trees. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 38: 595-619.

Sedghy, F., Varasfeh, A.-R., Sankian, M. and Mochadam, M. (2018): Interactions between air pollutants and pollen grains: The role of the rising trend in allergy. Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6 (2): 219-221.

Semerikov, V. L, Lascoux, M. (1999): Genetic relationship among Eurasian and American Larix species based on allozymes. Heredity, 83: 62-70.

Semerikov, V. L, Lascoux, M. (2003): Nuclear and cytoplasmic variation within and between Eurasian Larix (Pinaceae) species. American Journal of Botany, 90: 1113-1123.

Semerikov, V. L, Iroshnikov A. I. and Lascoux, M. (2007): Mitochondrial DNA variation pattern and postglacial history of the Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.). Russian Journal of Ecology, 38 (3): 163-171.

Shearer, R. C. (2008): Larix P. Mill. In: The Woody Plant Seed Manual. USDA, 2008, 637-650.

Surso, M. V., Barabin, A. I., Bolotov, I. N. and Filipov, B. Y. (2012): Spring development of Siberian larch pollen in the northern Taiga subzone. Forest Journal, 6: 7-15. (In Russian).

Surso, M. V. (2013): Reproductive biology and polymorphism of conifers (Pinaceae Lindl., Cupressaceae Rich. Ex Bartl.) of the European North of Russia (Arkhangelsk Region). Thesis for a Degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. Arkhangelsk, 43 p. (In Russian).

Timerjanov, A. S. (1997): Lack of allozyme variation in Larix sukaczewii Dyl. from the Southern Urals. Silvae Genetica, 46: 61-64.

Trenin, V. V. (1988): Introduction to cytoembryology of conifers. Karelian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, 151 p. (In Russian).

Tretyakova, I. N., Baranchikov, Y. N., Buglova, L. V., Belorussova, A. S. and Romanova, L. I. (2006): Features of the formation of generative organs of Siberian larch and their morphogenetic potential. Biology Bulletin Reviws, 126 (5): 472-480. (In Russian).

Tupitsyn, S. S., Ryabogina, N. S. and Tupitsyna, L. S. (2012): The level of teratogenesis as an indicator of the state of the biological object in different environmental conditions. Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 (1): 822-828. (In Russian).

Vasilevskaya, N. V., Petrova, N. V. (2014): Morphological variability of pollen of Pinus sylvestris L. in the conditions of industrial city (on the example of Monchegorsk). Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. Natural and Engineering science, 4 (141): 7-12. (In Russian).

Wei, X. X, Wang, X. Q. (2004): Recolonization and radiation in Larix (Pinaceae): Evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA paralogues. Molecular Ecology, 13: 3115-3123.

Yakovlev, A. P. (2007): Monitoring of the growth and development of Vaccinium yrtillus L. in the Vicinity of the plant for heat treatment of solid household waste in Murmansk. In: Natural science problems of the Arctic region. Murmansk: 87-88. (In Russian).

Yakovlev, B. A. (1972): Climate of Murmansk. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 108 p. (In Russian).

Yasovieva S. M, Kalashnik N. A (2000): Microsporogenesis of Sukachev larch in conditions of industrial pollution. Forests of Eurasia in the third millennium. Moscow, V.1: 117-118 (In Russian).

[1] Ecology of the city (2000): Under the general editorship of F. V. Stolberg. Libra, Kiev, 402 p. (In Russian).

[2] Report on the State and Protection of the Environment of the Murmansk Region in 2013 (2014): Nizhny Novgorod, 152 p. (In Russian).

Title:	*Teratomorphism of pollen of Larix sibirica* Ledeb. (Pinaceae Lindl.) in the Arctic urbanized territory**
Authors Name:	Natalia Vladimirovna Vasilevskaya, Anna Dmitrievna Domakhina
Journal:	Czech Polar Reports
Issue:	8
Volume:	1
Page Range:	24-36
No. of Pages:	13
Year:	2018
DOI:	10.5817/CPR2018-1-2
Publishers:	muniPress Masaryk University Brno
ISSN:	1805-0689 (Print), 1805-0697 (On-line)
Language:	English
Subject:
Abstract:	This article presents data of palynological research of Larix sibirica Ledeb. (Pinaceae Lindl) in the Arctic climate of Murmansk city, located in the Far North of Russia. The purpose of this study is to research the teratogenesis of the Larix sibirica pollen in the conditions of the Arctic climate and technogenic pollution of the city of Murmansk and holding the palynoindication of the environment. In the tested samples of pollen of L. sibirica, five morphological anomalies of the development were defined: pollen without protoplast, with plasmolysed protoplast, with damaged exine, giant pollen grains and dwarfed. The proportion of teratomorphs in the samples varies from 76 to 81%, which is above the control values of 2.5 – 3 times. Most of the abnormal grains are represented by pollen with plasmolysed protoplast (58 – 64%) and without protoplast (11 – 18%). Giant, dwarf pollen grains and pollen with exine damage are much less common. High level of teratogenesis of L. sibirica allows us to draw a conclusion about the critical level of pollution of the city environment.
Keywords:	palynomorphology, teratomorphism, Larix sibirica, pollution, Arctic
References:	Araki, N. H. T., Khatab, I. A., Kariyawasam, K. G. U., Inomata, H. N., Wang, X. and Szmidt, A. E. (2008): Phylogeography of Larix Sukaczewii Dyl. and Larix Sibirica L. Inferred from Nucleotide Variation of Nuclear Genes. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 4: 611-623. Bashalkhanov, S. I., Konstantinov, Y. M, Verbitskii, D. S. and Kobzev, V. F. (2003): Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships of larch Larix sukaczewii Dyl. based on chloroplast DNA trnK intron sequences. Russian Journal of Genetics, 39: 1322-1327. Bessonova, V. N. (1992): The condition of pollen, as an indicator of environmental contamination by heavy metals. Russian Journal of Ecology, 4: 45-50. (In Russian). Demina, L. А. (2011): Gas cleaning systems at incineration plants. Energy: Economics, Technics, Ecology, 1: 37-45. (In Russian). Dylis N. V. (1947): Siberian larch. Materials to systematics, geography and history. Moscow, 137 p. (In Russian). Dylis, N. V. (1981): Larch. Forest industry, Moscow, 96 p. (In Russian). Dzyuba, O. F. (2006): Palynoindication of the Environment Quality. St-Petersburg, 197 p. (In Russian). Dzyuba, O. F., Kondakova, O. V., Tokarev, P. I. and Leunova, V. M. (2008): The natural polymorphism of the pollen grains of representatives of the genus Larix Mill and the indication of the quality of the environment. In: Palynology: stratigraphy and geoecology, VNIGRI, Sankt – Petersburg, pp. 237-246. (In Russian). Elkina, N. A., Markovskaya E. F. (2007): Experience in Palynological Research of the Air Environment of Cities in the Taiga Zone. Proceedings of Karelian Scientific Center RAN, 11: 3-9. (In Russian). Erokhina, I. S., Elkina, N. A. and Markovskaya, E. F. (2011): Palynoindication of the natural environment of Kostomuksha. Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. Seria Natural and Engineering sciences, 6 (119): 20-23. (In Russian). Goncharova, O. A., Poloskova, E. Yu. (2014): Features of seasonal development of introduced plants of the genus Larix Mill in the Murmansk region. Bulletin of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4: 96-101. (In Russian). Gontar, О. G., Svyatkovskaya, E. A., Trostenyuk, N. N., Korobnikova, N. M., Shlapak, E. P. and Nosatenko, O. Y. (2013): Monitoring of the state of tree plantations in some landscaping objects in the central part of Murmansk city. Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 15 (3): 621-625. (In Russian). Grundstrom, M., Dahl, A., Chen, D. and Pleijel, H. (2017): The relationship between birch pollen, air pollution and weather types and their effect on antihistamine purchase in two Swedish cities. Aerobiologia, 33: 457-471. Hewitt, G. M. (1996): Some Genetic Consequences of Ice Ages and their Role in Divergence and Speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 58: 247-276. Iroshnikov, A. I. (2004): Larches of Russia. Biodiversity and Selection. Part 1. State and Perspectives. VNIILM, Moscow, 182 p. (In Russian). Kalasnik, N. A., Yasovieva, S. M. and Presnukhina, L. P. (2008): Anomalies of pollen of coniferous tree species at industrial pollution in the Southern Urals. Forest Science, 2: 33-40. (In Russian). Kalasnik, N. A. (2011): Anomalies of Larch Sukacheva pollen in different enviromental conditions. Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 (1): 835-838. (In Russian). Karaseva, M. A. (2003): Siberian Larch in the Middle of Volga Region. Mar GTU, Yoshkar-Ola, 376 p. (In Russian). Kozlova, E. V., Zlotnikova, O. V. (2014): Quality of pollen as indicative sign of the herbicide effects in cultural plants. Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian Academy, 11: 132-136. (In Russian). Kozubov, G. M. (1974): Biology of Fruiting of Conifers in the North. Nauka, Leningrad, 138 p. (In Russian). Milyutin, L. I. (2003): Biodiversity of Larch of Russia. 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(2007): Monitoring of the growth and development of Vaccinium yrtillus L. in the Vicinity of the plant for heat treatment of solid household waste in Murmansk. In: Natural science problems of the Arctic region. Murmansk: 87-88. (In Russian). Yakovlev, B. A. (1972): Climate of Murmansk. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 108 p. (In Russian). Yasovieva S. M, Kalashnik N. A (2000): Microsporogenesis of Sukachev larch in conditions of industrial pollution. Forests of Eurasia in the third millennium. Moscow, V.1: 117-118 (In Russian). Web sources / Other sources [1] Ecology of the city (2000): Under the general editorship of F. V. Stolberg. Libra, Kiev, 402 p. (In Russian). [2] Report on the State and Protection of the Environment of the Murmansk Region in 2013 (2014): Nizhny Novgorod, 152 p. (In Russian).
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