The presented bibliography of the Czechoslovak dipterological literature 1976-1985 embraces more than 1200 quotations concerning the dipterological production of native authors. It represents a continuation of two previous bibliographies registering dipterological articles and monographs up to 1975. Only short communications from daily newspapers, mediated reports and book reviews are not included. The list of titles is appended by some citations omitted in the previous bibliographies (in total 51 quotations by native authors), in the framework of which the results of a study on the history of dipterological research in Slovakia (Országh & Okáli, 1978) are especially excerpted.
Our attention was also paid to the papers by foreign authors whose taxonomic and faunistic records were based on material from Czechoslovakia. Altogether, 143 citations (including additions) are registered in the special section devoted to foreign resources. The survey of titles is accompanied by a comprehensive subject index which enables the reader an orientation in relatively broadly different contents of dipterological papers. The scientific activity of Czechoslovak dipterists is documented by a list of the new taxa described in the evaluated decade (partly in co-operation with foreign specialists). This list contains 295 taxa at the specific, generic and higher levels and in this number also 64 new species from the territory of Czechoslovakia. Regarding 13 species described from the ČSSR by foreign authors, in total 77 species were discovered in our country during 1976-1985, i. e. on the average 7-8 species as new to the science every year.
We should like to appreciate the support of several dozen of our entomologists who kindly provided us with their reprints or checked lists of their papers. Our thanks are due especially to Dr. M. Chvála, CSc (Praha), Doc. Dr. J. Čepelák, CSc (Nitra), Dr. L. Jedlička, CSc (Bratislava), Dr. J. Ježek, CSc (Praha), Dr. J. Máca (České Budějovice), Doc. Ing. V. Martinek, CSc (Opočno), Dr. J. Minář, CSc (Praha), Dr. J. Roháček, CSc (Opava), Dr. M. Skuhravá, CSc (Praha), Dr. V. Skuhravý, CSc (České Budějovice), Dr. J. Starý (Olomouc), Dr. V. Straka (Martin), and Dr. J. Weiser, DrSc (Praha) whose help was extremely extensive and collegial interest on the completeness of the bibliography was extraordinarily deep.

CZECHOSLOVAK DIPTEROLOGY IN THE PERIOD 1976-1985

In the decade 1976-1985 the Czechoslovak dipterology may be characterised chiefly by the following tendencies: (1) several manuals and identification keys were finished and published as results of long-termed collective effort, (2) the extensive faunistic research was deepened and culminated in elaborating the first modern check-list of Czechoslovak Diptera and a comprehensive survey of Slovakian species, (3) studies from the field of applied dipterology proved a remarkable diversity and a really professional standard, and (4) Czechoslovak dipterology called forth a conclusive international response.
Let us remember the most important publications which have appeared in the last few years as a consequence of fundamental investigations. The long expected Volume 5 of the "Klíč zvířeny ČSSR" (Identification key to the fauna of the ČSSR) devoted to the Diptera was edited by J. Doskočil and issued in 1977. The individual families were compiled by 37 native authors. Undoubtedly, the publishing of this first modern handbook for the identification of Central-European genera positively stimulated the further faunistic research in Czechoslovakia.
So far the unique dipterological volume of the series "Fauna ČSSR" (Fauna of the ČSSR) dealing with mosquitoes and published by J. Kramář already in 1958 was recently continued by the "Krevsající mouchy a střečci" (Bloodsucking and warble flies) edited by M. Chvála and written by him, J. Chalupský, K. Hůrka, J. Knoz, J. Minář, and I. Országh. This comprehensive manual represents actually a monograph of the Czechoslovak species from the families Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, Tabanidae, Gasterophilidae, Oestridae, Hypodermatidae, Hippoboscidae, and Nycteribiidae. Only in Ceratopogonidae the extent of species is limited to biting ones. The extensive study of aquatic dipterous larvae led into the dipterological part of the "Klíč vodních larev hmyzu" (Identification key to aquatic larvae of insects) which was launched in 1980 and edited by R. Rozkošný. In this key 25 families were treated by 8 authors.
During the valorized period the further four all-state dipterological seminars were organized under the auspices of institutes of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences or universities. The 5th seminar was held at Liblice near Praha in January 1978, the 6th at Cikháj near Zďár n. S. in October 1980, the 7th at Nitra in September 1982, and the 8th at České Budějovice in September 1984. Usually about 40-50 entomologists have taken part in seminars and the presented papers have regularly been published in the form of abstracts or proceedings.
The results of the 4th meeting of Czechoslovak dipterists (held already at Dubová near Modra 1975) were arranged as a separate publication under the title "Dipterologica bohemoslovaca Vol. 1" and produced by the Slovak Academy of Sciences in 1978. It includes 33 papers written by 39 authors. The proceedings from the 5th seminar were published as Dipterologica bohemoslovaca 2 (in Acta Univ. Carol., Biol. (1977) 1980; 31 papers). The material presented at the 6th seminar was summarized as Dipterologica bohemoslovaca 3 (in Folia Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Purk. Brun., 23, Biol. 74 (7), 1982; 27 papers) and the contributions from the 7th seminar were included in the publication issued by the Pedagogical Faculty at Nitra under the name "Zborník - Organizmy a prostredie" (Organisms and environment) in 1985 (29 dipterological papers). All the proceedings from seminars proved a distinct stimulating effect on further co-operation among dipterists in Czechoslovakia. They also verified the current level of dipterological investigation as well as its appropriate diversity.
To the end of 1985 the first modern check-list of the Diptera of Czechoslovakia was submitted to the press. This list was published as the 2nd volume of the "Enumeratio insectorum bohemoslovakiae" in the periodical Acta faunistica entomologica Musei nationalis Pragae (Vol. 18/1987) It was compiled by 52 authors and edited by J. Ježek from the National Museum in Praha. The profound and systematic research of many families carried out just in the last decade led to discovering hundreds of species as new to our fauna and altogether 77 species as new to the science. The manuscript of the check-list included 6498 species in 1500 genera and 104 families. Compared with the first attempt on the evaluation of dipterological research in the ČSSR (Rozkošný, Laštovka, Zuska & Chvála, 1974), 1421 further species have been recorded in the ČSSR since 1973, on the average more than 109 per year. Such a number of taxa confirms not only an extraordinary effort of Czechoslovak dipterists but also the remarkable riches of the fauna in Czechoslovakia. Among others, this conclusion is emphasized also by the fact that during the last ten years about 7-8 species have been described as new to the science virtually every year (cf. List of the new taxa described by Czech and Slovak authors in the period of 1976-1985).
A critical review of faunistic research in Slovakia was recently worked out by a large team headed by J. Čepelák. This synopsis of Slovakian Diptera (Diptera Slovenska) is planned to be divided into 3 volumes. The first one was published in 1984 and included all Nematocera and Brachycera Orthorrhapha (1795 species). In total 19 co-authors contributed to this first volume.
An actual estimate of Diptera living in Czechoslovakia represents more than 9230 species (Rozkošný & Ježek, in press). Apart from the extensive faunistic research and diversified collecting methods about 3000 species may really be expected to belong to our fauna. Apparently, the main gaps may be found in the present knowledge of Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Sciaridae and Mycetophilidae. The recognition of Brachycera seems to be of a distinctly higher level. Only the distribution of Phoridae, Agromyzidae, partly also Chloroperlidae, appears to be relatively less known, a greater number of species may be still expected also in Empididae.
The faunistic programmes mentioned above stimulated very valuable taxonomic studies exceeding in many cases the national importance. Our dipterists were invited to prepare several groups for the well-known series "Fauna entomologica scandinavica" (Empididae I. and II. by M. Chvála, Stratiomyidae and Sciomyzidae by R. Rozkošný). The extensive revision of the original genus Limosina from Sphaeroceridae was written and richly illustrated by J. Roháček (Ent. Beitr. Berlin, 1982-1985). Virtually at the same time "A Biosystematic Study of the European Stratiomyidae" in two volumes was finished and issued at Junk Publishers in 1982 and 1983 (R. Rozkošný).
Nevertheless, the upswing of systematics concerning some further families of Diptera was distinctly supported also by several basic revisions produced by Czechoslovak authors. As far as the Nematocera are concerned, the following studies are worth mentioning in particular: a series of papers dealing with Palaearctic Limoniidae (J. Starý), a set of revisional contributions on systematics of Psychodidae (J. Ježek) and comprehensive studies on Palaearctic Cecidomyiidae (M. Skuhravá). In Brachycera, special attention was paid to the systematics of Empididae (taxonomy at the family level and model revisions of some genera by M. Chvála, a revision of Rhamphomyia by M. Barták, and preliminary studies to a revision of Hilara by V. Straka).Several important systematic articles were published on Syrphidae (J. Dušek, P. Láska), J. Zuska continued his study on Palaearctic and Ethiopian Sepsidae, papers of revisional character on Sciomyzidae were prepared by R. Rozkošný. Some new species were also described by J. Vaňhara (Platypezidae), J. Dirlbek and O. Dirlbeková (Tephritidae), and V. Martinek (Heleomyzidae and Opomyzidae).
In addition to the above monograph on earlier Limosina,J. Roháček published very valuable taxonomic studies on further Sphaeroceridae but also Anthomyzidae and several further Acalyptrate Diptera. F. Gregor contributed noticeably to our knowledge of Milichiidae, Carnidae, Fanniidae, and Muscidae; J. Máca studied further Drosophilidae and F. Šifner added some revisions to his previous contributions on Scathophagidae. Important taxonomic notes are also included in papers on Sarcophagidae by D. Povolný.
Our dipterists also took part on several international expeditions. Especially a scientific co-operation among Slovak and Mongolian specialists appeared as very fruitful. In the course of the last ten years fundamental studies on Mongolian Culicidae, Simuliidae, Deuterophlebiidae, Gasterophilidae, Oestridae, Hypodermatidae, Hippoboscidae, and Nycteribiidae have been launched by J. Halgoš. L. Jedlička, J. Minář, J. Krištofík, M. Kiefer, and K. Hůrka, partly in co-authorship with Mongolian entomologists. Some further collecting trips brought a lot of new information from the Caucasus (M. Barták, O. Syrovátka, V. Straka), Soviet Central Asia (M. Chvála, K. Hůrka), Afghanistan (J. Olejníček, F. Dusbábek, J. Minář), Iran (J. Ježek), Cuba (F. Gregor), Nepal (M. Daniel, F. Gregor), Uganda (F. Dusbábek, M. Daniel, F. Gregor), and from other countries.
In the last few years a remarkable enlargement and deepening of the study of applied dipterology in the ČSSR may also be stressed. Continued attention has been called to blood-sucking Diptera (L. Jedlička, J. Halgoš, J. Knoz, J. Minář, I. Országh, J. Vaňhara et al.), particularly mosquitoes studied as arbovirus carries (V. Danielová, D. Málková, M. Labuda, J. Minář, J. Ryba et al.). Many new data on synanthropic and symbovile flies have been amassed (F. Gregor, J. Krištofík, A. Řehůřková), special attention has been paid to the species transmitting the infectious keratoconjuctivitis in cattle (F. Dusbábek, F. Gregor et al.). Several cases of myiasis in man causes by dipterous larvae were carefully described (J. Minář, D. Povolný, R. Rozkošný). Our dipterists submitted some successful proposals on Diptera as suitable bioindicators of anthropically influenced changes in landscape (J. Čepelák, K. Dirlbek, D. Povolný, M. Slamečková) e. g. several very valuable prognoses on the development of mosquito breeding sites at newly built water reservoirs in southern Bohemia and southern Moravia were presented (J. Minář, J. Vaňhara et al.). Detailed autecological studies provided extensive biological information on some widely distributed pests such as Haplodiplosis marginata (cf. V. Skuhravý, M. Skuhravá, D. Braslavská), Thecodiplosis brachyntera (see V. Skuhravý) and Rhagoletis cerasi (cf. J. Dirlbek, V. Vallo).
A certain number of experienced teams have dealt with testing the effect of organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids as prospective preparations used again species of health, hygiene and economic importance (V. Rupeš, F. Rettich, J. Pinterová, J. Žďárek and many others). Several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis were successfully confirmed as hopeful bioregulators of blood-sucking Diptera larvae, especially of Culicidae and Simuliidae (J. Weiser, D. Novák, J. Olejníček et al.), and a comparatively large tradition in a study of viruses, moulds and microsporidia provided a serious basis for biological control of injurious Diptera even in exotic countries (J. Weiser and his collaborators in particular). The resistant populations of synanthropic flies, mosquitoes and some pests are permanently registered and, recently, the most effective means of their control have been suggested (V. Rupeš, J. Chmela, J. Pinterová, J. Žďárek et al.).
The achieved results in the general, systematic as well as applied dipterology in Czechoslovakia have provided good evidence on the sound relations between basic and applied research which appear to be fully functional and prospective. In this way our dipterists follow those trends in Czechoslovak entomology which are intended to utilize all new information from research in practice. Actually many important discoveries in the field of dipterology have been largely used in health service, hygiene institutions, food industry plants, water management, agriculture and forestry, and in the protection of nature and landscape as well.