History of the research

From time immemorial the region of southern Moravia has been a preferred one for human settlement. The discovered primeval settlements of man – hunter and farmer, later the colonisation posts of assertive Romans and, finally, the permanent settlements based on agriculture, fruit growing, viticulture and fishery are clear proofs thereof.

The unique geographic situation of the Dolnomoravsky uval Depression, with the limestone ridge of the Pavlovske vrchy Hills jutting out of the lowland and the confluence of the rivers Dyje, Svratka and Jihlava, have also attracted the attention of nature lovers and explorers. The aquatic, wetland and flooded parts of the floodplain with diverse habitats in moist floodplain forests on the one hand and, on the other, dry steppe elevations of the Palava Hills created, in the course of evolution, a highly diversified region inhabited by varied flora and fauna.

TERRESTRIAL RESEARCH

According to SPELLERBERG (1991), distinction can be made between environmental, biological and ecological monitoring. However, these categories overlap, and they have been differently interpreted by authors. For the purpose of the present study, we have distinguished between monitoring and biomonitoring. Monitoring is understood here as a study of populations and communities, lasting several (at least two) years, in order to learn about their position and importance in ecosystems. Naturally, even these data can be utilized in biomonitoring proper. Biomonitoring is understood as an analysis of the changing state of ecosystems and landscape by means of monitored species populations, but also as the use of organisms for studies of the distribution of pollutants in nature. Monitoring projects under way in the Palava B.R. in its extended concept may be summed up as follows:

(1) Institute of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno organized and implemented complex investigations of a floodplain forest ecosystem. Within the UNESCO programmes IBP and MaB, terrestrial arthropods were sampled at one-week intervals (in 1971-72, 1981, 1991) in order to study the response of their communities to the water management modifications taking place in southern Moravia (see above). The studies were repeatedly implemented in a stationary area in the floodplain forest Horni les nr. Lednice. Among the sampling methods used, sweeping was the major one (J. Vanhara leg.). Several entomological papers have been published; for a commentary and summary, see VANHARA (1994). In 1976-1992, three times a month from May to October, a light trap was operated in the same locality in Horni les nr. Lednice (J. Vanhara leg.). From the rich material of insects sampled in this way, a series of 12-year samples of Culicidae (Diptera) has been elaborated so far (for particulars, see Vanhara 1991).

(2) Thanks to the cooperation with the Institute of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, a study was launched in 1991 concerning selected groups of terrestrial arthropods inhabiting naturally flooded habitats and those drying out for the past 20 years in the area of the confluence of the Morava and the Dyje Rivers, and Horni les nr. Lednice, floodplain forests and meadows, using pitfall traps (for particulars, see ROZKOSNY & VANHARA 1995), sweeping, individual collecting and Malaise traps. The material obtained by pitfall-trapping in 1991-92 (5 traps in a line on each collecting site, March 7 - Oct. 29, 1991 and March 31 - Oct. 27, 1992, two-week-samples, R. Vancura & R. Rozkosny leg.) has been largely used in the preparation of the present paper. Since 1991, investigation on Diptera have also been under way in the Pavlovske vrchy Hills, based on sweeping, individual collecting and the use of Malaise traps (two-week samples, R. Rozkosny & J. Vanhara leg.).

(3) The Agency for Nature and Landscape Conservation and its Research and Monitoring Centre in Brno and Administration of Palava Biosphere Reserve of UNESCO at Mikulov entered, since 1993, the programme of Monitoring Protected Landscape Areas (for particulars, see ABSOLON et al. 1994). Using pitfall-trapping, arthropods have been sampled in the National Nature Reserves: Devin Hill, Krive jezero Lake, Slanisko nr. Nesyt, Ranspurk, and in the proposed protected area Milovicky les Forest (5 traps in a line on each collecting site; in NNRs: May 4 - July 14 and Aug. 31 - Oct. 15, 1993; in Milovicky les: May 2 - Sept. 13. 1994, two-week-samples, J. Chytil leg.). Even this material has been used in the elaboration of several groups in the present paper.

(4) In the course of the past decades, the area of the Pavlovske vrchy Hills in particular was in the centre of interest of whole generations of entomologists. The studies of some of them were based on monitoring principles even though they did not go beyond the framework of faunal studies. A good example of such a comprehensive study is the lepidopterological paper by LASTUVKA (1994).

The achieved research level of examined invertebrate groups is very different. That is why a comprehensive review of their research virtualy could not be compiled. Some historical notes are regularly included in introductory paragraphs of the chapters devoted to individual groups. Only the order of Diptera represents an apparent exception, being extensively studied by 36 specialists for a relatively long time and resulting into the extensive commented list edited by ROZKOSNY & VANHARA (1998, 1999). A relatively detailed knowledge of most families includes, among others, also a critical review of published data and enables thus also a compilation of the brief history of research as given below.

The earliest records concerning dipterological investigations in the environs of Mikulov are to be found in phenological lists compiled by FRITSCH (1875), which contain 16 species from 12 families.

At the beginning of this century, K. LANDROCK, a dipterist of German origin from Brno, regularly visited the vicinity of Strachotin and Dolni Vestonice. In total 157 species from 34 families can be found in his faunistic contributions (LANDROCK 1907, 1908, 1910). However, all these records actually refer to the area lying outside the Palava Biosphere Reserve though they are located in its close vicinity. On the other hand, the occurrence of the majority of his species has recently been confirmed in the protected area. In addition to these data, K. LANDROCK (1910, 1925) collected several species in the Pavlovske vrchy Hills (e.g. Anthrax anthrax, Bombylius discolor, Hemipenthes morio, two Lomatia spp., Holopogon nigripennis, and Cephenemyia stimulator). K. CZIZEK, another dipterist of Brno, added three records from the vicinity of Breclav (CZIZEK 1910: Ogcodes gibbosus, Pyrellia vivida and Cylindromyia interrupta). In the same study CZIZEK recorded a series of very interesting species collected by A. Siebeck in the vicinity of Vranov n.D. and Znojmo, both of which are situated outside the Palava B.R. The major part of the K. Landrock and K. Czizek collections is deposited in the Moravian Museum in Brno and the specimens originating from southern Moravia were revised in the light of the systematic revisions of some families beginning in 1956 (see Simuliidae, Limoniidae, Tabanidae, Stratiomyidae, Platypezidae, Megamerinidae, Psilidae, Pallopteridae, Otitidae, Tephritidae, Lauxaniidae, Dryomyzidae, Sciomyzidae, Heleomyzidae, Opomyzidae, Trixoscelidae, Chyromyidae, Scathophagidae, etc.).

According to the data associated with some specimens deposited in the Natural History Museum in Vienna, some Austrian entomologists visited southern Moravia several times in the first half of this century. Thus, H. ZERNY visited Mikulov (= Nikolsburg) at least three times (May 21-24, 1916, May 16, 1926 and June 23-26, 1932) and collected 33 species from 17 families (Therevidae, Asilidae, Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae, Pipunculidae, Conopidae, Psilidae, Ulidiidae, Platystomatidae, Tephritidae, Lauxaniidae, Sciomyzidae, Agromyzidae, Chloropidae, Ephydridae and Scathophagidae) (cf. Franz 1989).

Many faunistic and systematic papers by D. JACENTKOVSKY, relating to the calyptrate families Calliphoridae, Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae and Tachinidae include remarkable records from the present Palava B.R. He found 81 species in the Pavlovske vrchy Hills (JACENTKOVSKY 1935) and more than 200 species in the environs of Lednice (JACENTKOVSKY 1936a, 1936b) where he also discovered a new sarcophagid species Pachyophthalmus dykii (=Amobia distora Allen) and a part of the type material of Pollenia mayeri. The results of his investigations were summed up in a very valuable monograph on the territory of Moravia and Silesia (JACENTKOVSKY 1941), in which 428 species are recorded including many southern Moravian collecting sites. In this study a new and still valid species of Sarcophagidae (Macronychia lemariei) from Lednice is described.

As late as 1956 MOUCHA & STYS reported Stenopogon sabaudus (Asilidae) and 25 interesting species of Syrphidae from the Pavlovske vrchy Hills and 9 species from the vicinity of Lednice. New records on snail-killing flies from the area of Dolni Vestonice and Lednice were published by ROZKOSNY (1962). Since 1971 Diptera Brachycera of the floodplain forest Horni les have been monitored by J. Vanhara. CEPELAK(1981) summarized further interesting records from the Palava B.R. and the Lanzhot area totalling 47 species from 8 families (Syrphidae, Conopidae, Scathophagidae, Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Rhinophoridae and Tachinidae). MARTINEK (1985) in his extensive list of Acalyptrata of southern Moravia paid his attention also to some localities in the area of interest (Breclav, Lednice, Kanci obora, Svaty Kopecek, Mikulov, Valtice).

Haematophagous Diptera of the study area have been extensively examined. According to comprehensive studies by KNOZ & VANHARA (1982, 1991), the following haematophagous Diptera were identified: Ceratopogonidae (34 spp.), Culicidae (34), Simuliidae (13), Tabanidae (35). A review of the most important papers concerning Culicidae up to 1975 was given by VANHARA (1981). The most valuable recent records are included in studies by VANHARA (1981, 1986, 1987, 1991). A monograph by ROSICKY et al. (1989) also includes some material from this region. KNOZ & SASINKOVÁ (1969) studied blackflies of the Dyje River basin mainly from the faunistic viewpoint.

Further records of various groups of Diptera are to be found in several dozens of predominantly systematic (and particularly widely faunistic) papers, comments of which are included in the systematic review of individual families. Comments on the origin of examined material are summarized in a special section. Quotations of all the papers up to 1995 mentioned in this chapter are embraced in the bibliographies of Czech and Slovak Diptera (ROZKOSNY 1971, 1978, ROZKOSNY & VANHARA 1988, VANHARA & ROZKOSNY 1997).

AQUATIC RESEARCH

The regular natural seasonal floods, the interaction between the terrestrial and aquatic phases of the landscape and the connected responses of the landscape have provoked investigators from all branches of science to get a closer knowledge of this region. Within the given scope of this text it is impossible to present an exhaustive review of papers on the aquatic fauna of the area under discussion. It is apparent that the first fairly valuable data on some invertebrates were published long before 1900. Aquatic invertebrates were first studied as taxonomic groups of interest of the particular researchers (Oligochaeta, Mollusca, Anostraca, Spinicaudata, Chironomidae), or as a part of planktonic and benthic communities. Such studies were rather accidental and as far as their results were published at all they became parts of annual reports of various schools, associations of natural scientists, museums, or popularising magazines, or they appeared in the form of newspaper articles.

A historic turn may be considered to have come in the period following World War II when the development of Czech school system and patriotic enthusiasm, together with more sophisticated optical technology, started an increased interest in hydrobiology. This is evident from the chapters on the taxocoenoses treated in this volume as well as from the references attached.

Nevertheless, the research on the aquatic fauna in southern Moravia lagged a little behind the same research in Bohemia, started by A. Fric already in the second half of the 19th century. The first series of faunistic data rather bore the character of an inventory of species, and the various groups of aquatic invertebrates were studied at random, without any closer connections. Very soon, however, the interest began concentrating on the conditions in which invertebrate communities developed (in vernal periodical pools, ponds as well as rivers).

Among the papers on temporary waters, one should point out the contributions of VALOUSEK (e.g. 1926, 1951) and KAPLER (1941), treating of the specific character of ecosystems from the point of view of the physical environment and life histories of such visually conspicuous hydrobionts as, Eubranchipus grubii, Lepidurus apus, Cyzicus tetracerus, Leptestheria dahalacensis, or Hemidiaptomus amblyodon.

A model study of that period is seen in the first more comprehensive paper on the plankton inhabiting the Lednicke rybniky Fishponds, which, while still bearing the character of an inventory, already contains ecological insights and a synthesis of the hydrobiological studies of that pond system available (BAYER & BAJKOV 1929). The paper is one of the very successful documents of the activities of the Biological Station established at Lednice in 1922 by E. Bayer of the then University of Agriculture in Brno. The station is in operation up to present, providing facilities for the hydrobiological investigations in the region, thus following the tradition of its founder. Subsequent development of faunistic investigations on aquatic invertebrates in southern Moravia continued until World War II by systematic studies of chironomids (ZAVREL 1941, 1943), oligochaetes (HRABE 1929), rotatorians (see DONNER 1954) and other hydrobionts.

After World War II, HRABE's hydrobiological school began developing more intensively at Masaryk University in Brno, and diploma and dissertation topics concerning the aquatic invertebrates in both stagnant and running waters of southern Moravia were being assigned practically until 1976. The studies were concerned with the seasonal dynamics and structure of zooplankton and zoobenthos, above all, of the now flooded territory of the Novomlynske Reservoirs and of the wholly canalised rivers. The field work was facilitated by the circumstance that in the 1960s and at the turn of the 1970s a biological field station of Masaryk University operated in the village of Musov. The station had to be dissolved when the village was doomed to be flooded. The tens of diploma theses and several Ph.D. dissertations elaborated in that area now provide the required database for a prediction of the development of ecosystems and for the revitalisation projects aimed at wetland habitats. ADAMEK (1976) elaborated brief summaries of some of these studies. Numerous data on the aquatic fauna of southern Moravia, obtained in that period, have been included in the identification literature quoted in the particular parts of this volume.

Of the systematic and ecological papers published in the post-war period, let us mention the systematic nation-wide research on Hydrachnellae, which were also studied in the southern Moravian localities (LASKA 1964) and several papers by STERBA (1955, 1964, 1965) on crustaceans (Cyclopidae, Harpacticidae) which have been studied in this country for the first time in such extent. In 1963-1964 OSMERA (1973) studied three different types of pools near the village of Musov, which was permanently flooded ten years later. The author described the seasonal dynamics of zooplankton, its species composition and biomass in dependence of different water regime and development of aquatic vegetation. In all, 104 zooplanktonic species have been ascertained in three localities lying in such a small area. The problems of classification of taxocoenoses inhabiting vernal periodical pools were studied by STERBA (1988) who utilising a large series of data obtained in the post-war period in Moravia and Slovakia and employing computer technology, tried to establish crustacean species common to such specific habitat types. The dissimilarity of the pool communities was surprising and was also valid for the southern Moravian floodplain region. The most frequent twins or triads consisted of Cyclops strenuus, Megacyclops viridis, Mixodiaptomus kupelwieseri, Canthocamptus staphylinus, and Chydorus sphaericus.

The above period also included the important IBP project concerning the littoral production of the reed beds of Nesyt Pond, the largest of the Lednice pond system, realised in 1971-1972. A volume summing up the results obtained (KVET 1973) comprises 33 contributions, among which are the results of studies of the zooplankton of the Lednice Ponds in 1957-1959 (LOSOS & HETESA 1973). Thus, it was possible to compare the results after 30 years that elapsed since the classical study of BAYER & BAJKOV (1929). The comparison has shown that the zooplankton has changed qualitatively as a result of water eutrophication (by agricultural runoff and sewage waters) and of intensive pisciculture. In the plankton the share of blue-green algae and chlorococcal algae increased and, besides the large Daphnia spp., minute cladoceran species began occurring more frequently.

In 1950-1965 the running and stagnant waters of southern Moravia were studied as a part of an extensive, nation-wide research project supervised by V. Landa, of the Academy of Sciences, and S. Obr, of the Masaryk University in Brno. The goal of this research, conceived on a large scale, was to map model groups of aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) as bioindicators of the quality of aquatic environments. In the course of the years the results obtained provided values required for a comparison with the actual as well as the future status.

This database was useful for a comparative study of mayflies of the Labe River drainage area, realised in 1970-1985 (LANDA & SOLDAN 1989) and, also, series of data were compared from 1955-1960 vs. 1994-1996 on Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera (SOLDAN et al. 1998) for all drainage areas of the Czech Republic, i.e., of the Labe, Odra, and Danube rivers. These two monographs, conceived systematically, zoogeographically and ecologically, are principal papers which have elevated our knowledge on a comparable international level. As regards the numbers of mayflies and stoneflies, the lowland (and especially the stagnant) waters of southern Moravia are mostly poorer than those lying at higher elevations above sea level, yet some of the more streaming sections of even lowland rivers may show higher habitat diversity and thus also higher numbers of species than would be expected. Thus, for example, ADAMEK & SUKOP (1992) identified 17 mayfly species and a number of other insect and invertebrate species (207 taxa) in the Dyje River below the Novomlynska Reservoir. According to SOLDAN et al. (1998) the territory of the Palava Biosphere Reserve is inhabited by 26 mayfly species but only 2 stonefly species.

In the years before and after the construction of the Novomlynske Reservoirs the research was strengthened in all respects, as regards botany and zoology. The "hot" data included, above all, the first observations on the influence of the new pond system on the Dyje River, the floodplain forests and the other aquatic systems and their communities.

Of the large number of the pertaining literature, we wish to point out the study by a group of authors, devoted to the biological conditions developing in the first reservoir retained, the so-called Musovska Reservoir. Their complex study treats of the physical, chemical and microbiological indices and of the incipient development of algae and blue-green algae, macrophytic vegetation, zooplankton, ichthyofauna and ornithofauna of the reservoir, and it also contains a consideration of the prediction of the biological relations to occur in the further reservoirs of the system (HETESA & MARVAN 1984).

Similar studies were repeated after the completion of the second and the third reservoir (HETESA & SUKOP 1991, SUKOP 1990). The impact of the whole waterworks on the floodplain region, which is a part of the Palava B.R., was evaluated by ADAMEK & SUKOP (1992). It has been concluded that the construction of the waterworks has resulted in improved water quality in the Dyje River, but the territory lying below the last (lowest) reservoir was no longer flooded. The wetland and temporary water bodies were renewed only after controlled flooding of the territory was introduced. After many years, such signal species have been ascertained in the periodical pools as Lepidurus apus, Triops cancriformis, Eubranchipus grubii, Cyzicus tetracerus, Leptestheria dahalacensis, Hemidiaptomus amblyodon, Mixodiaptomus kupelwieseri, Diaptomus castor, Synurella ambulans, Daphnia curvirostris and others.

In the Dyje River a number of species has been found that had lived in it in the past but vanished due the heavy organic water pollution coming from the drainage area. A similar trend has been observed as regards the fish community (LUSK 1984, LUSK & HALACKA 1996).

More recent data are available on the woodland and meadow pools between the Kyjovka and Morava rivers in which the seasonal changes in phyto- and zooplankton were studied by KOPECKY & KOUDELKOVA (1997) in 1994-1995. Whereas the woodland pool showed a character of periodical water bodies, in the meadow one the water level oscillated but the pool never dried up completely. Both pools behaved in accordance with a general scenario (WILLIAMS 1987). The woodland pool, without any fish population, showed a higher species diversity of aquatic invertebrates as well as a different periodicity than the meadow pool.

The results of monitoring aquatic ecosystems, presented in this volume, supplement the preceding ones on the faunistic investigations implemented in the Palava B.R. and, for the time being, they are the most integral review of the status of invertebrates in that region. We do not expect this published status of the fauna of aquatic invertebrates to be final. On the contrary, we expect further changes to take place in the species composition of their communities, particularly if and when the waterways are connected with other sea-drainage areas. Man and his activity continue to be a potent factor that may favour the natural or near-natural development of aquatic systems and their communities in the region and the whole drainage area.

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